Products. (b) Glycolysis (c) Production of ATP by chemiosmosis (b) PGAL Manganese is required in Others call it the Calvin-Benson cycle to include the name of another scientist involved in its discovery (Figure 1). A cycle can be defined by a series of events or steps that may be repeated in order to form an end product that is the same as the starting product. One of the two Hydrogen atoms bound to the blue DHAP carbon is moved to the green Oxygen atom on the GAP molecule. (c) photophosphorylation The light-independent reactions can proceed once products (NADPH and ATP) of the light-dependent reactions are present in the chloroplast. That's why the flowchart of the entire Calvin Cycle (at the top of this page) has three carbon-dioxide molecules going in, with six molecules of PGA being produced, while the descriptions here and in the Steps 1 through 3 diagram have a single CO2 molecule going in, and only two PGA molecules coming out. Explanation: True or False: The light-dependent reactions occur after light-independent reactions in the process of photosynthesis. These reactions use chemical energy from NADPH and ATP that were … The light-dependent processes include the capture and storage of energy from the sun in the chemical bonds of ATP and NADPH molecules, and are collectively called Photosystems I and II. The end product of the Calvin Cycle is a. Pyruvic acid. Once two extra GAP molecules are created, they are combined into fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) using steps 6-8 of the Calvin Cycle. This creates a molecule of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP or G3P). The remaining five GAP molecules will complete the Calvin Cycle by regenerating the original three RuBP molecules in steps six through fifteen. The process shown in the Steps 4 and 5 diagram (below) will be repeated six times, once for each molecule. Chlorophyll a is a primary pigment. Question 5. A Calvin cycle produces 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), 3 ADP, and 2 NADP+ as the products in one turn. (b) CAM plants Both processes are interdependent: Photo-systems I and II create the ATP and NADPH molecules that power many of the reactions in the Calvin Cycle, and the Calvin Cycle returns energy-depleted ADP and NADP+ molecules back to the Photosystems to be "re-energized" back into ATP and NADPH, using energy from the sun. (b) Nucleic acid synthesis Step 8: FBP is dephosphorylated into F6P. Photosynthesis is the biochemical process which occurs in all green plants or autotrophs producing organic molecules from carbon dioxide (CO2). (d) Golgi apparatus, Question 14. What is the final product of the Calvin cycle. (d) Calvin, Question 15. B. Carbohydrates are produced. Step 9: Transfer of a 2-carbon group (C2H3O2) from F6P to GAP creates E4P and Xu5P. Hydrolysis splits a molecule of water into H and OH groups. It was built using the three carbon atoms brought into the cycle by the three CO2 molecules in Step two. Science. The final product of the Calvin cycle, the second metabolic cycle of photosynthesis, is the sugar glucose. The reactions are named after the scientist who discovered them, and reference the fact that the reactions function as a cycle. The end product of the Calvin cycle is _____. In stage 3, RuBP, the molecule that starts the cycle, is regenerated so that the cycle can continue. Law of limiting factor was given by Blackman in 1905. We've consumed three molecules each of RuBP, CO2 and H2O, plus six ATP and six NADPH molecules. In stage 2, the organic molecule is reduced using electrons supplied by NADPH. Answer: (a) RuBP. This frees up bonding spots on both the blue and green carbons, causing those two carbon atoms to form a covalent bond. This process is called carbon fixation because it converts some of the O-C bonds into C-C and C-H bonds. The CO2 and H2O inserted in steps two and three of the Calvin Cycle were transformed into one molecule of glyceraldehyde. Phosphorylation involves the transfer of a phosphate group (PO3, also known as inorganic phosphate or Pi) from ATP to PGA, creating BPG and ADP (ATP and ADP are not shown in the diagram). This leaves us with one DHAP, one F6P and two GAP molecules. False. These organic molecules contain many carbon-hydrogen (C–H) bonds and are highly reduced compared to CO2. We now have six Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) molecules. These three steps are collectively known as Carbon Fixation. (b) ATP is an enzyme (d) mineral salt, Question 10. Answer: (c) C4 plants A. carbon dioxide. (b) the rate of dark reaction This was done six times, so six NADPH were converted into NADP+. (b) sucrose This GAP molecule will be combined with another "extra" GAP molecule (from another comple… LOGIN TO POST ANSWER. False. Question 4. 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