which of the b vitamins has an antioxidant role?

Free radicals attack essential macromolecules leading to cell damage and homeostatic disruption. Implications for prevention. Impact of folate deficiency on DNA stability. Vitamin d3 contribution to the regulation of oxidative metabolism in the liver of diabetic mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16 (2015): 11. It is involved in energy metabolism. Increasing intake of biotin in the food of lactating mothers can reduce the symptoms of cradle cap in infants [47]. Liang H, Liu Q, Xu J. Vitamin losses: Retention during heat treatment and continual changes expressed by mathematical models. Exp Eye Res 53 (1991): 123-130. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting activity [31, 32], helps in the maintenance of bone health by keeping demineralisation under control [32, 33]. Vitamin B3 is also known as Niacin. Even though the body only needs small amounts, micronutrients are essential for good health. Vitamin B6 exists in different forms which are pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxine-5'-phosphate (PNP) and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP)) [42]. In instance like this, vitamin … Li J, Wang H, Rosenberg PA. Vitamin K prevents oxidative cell death by inhibiting activation of 12-lipoxygenase in developing oligodendrocytes. Vitamins as anti-mutagens: advantages and some possible mechanisms of anti-mutagenic action. Which of the following is a current food safety recommendation? Am J Pathol 188 (2017): 160-172. Oxidative stress is a feature of many chronic inflammatory diseases. Free RadicBiol Med 49 (2010): 1603-1616. Fertility and Sterility 79 (2003): 1288-1293. Abdullah KM, Qais FA, Ahmad I, et al. What is the primary cause of foodborne illness in North America? Kala A, Prakash J. Vitamin B1e retention in cooked, stored, and reheated vegetables. Iodine is a trace mineral necessary for thyroid function. Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, et al. Last summer, Loraine's garden yielded more food than her family could eat. Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB. Dietary sources of vitamin B3 are: mushrooms, cauliflower, sweet potato, broccoli, beet greens, asparagus, turnip greens, bell peppers, cucumber, celery, avocado, lentils, dried peas, chicken, turkey, yogurt, salmon, rye, beef, eggs, potatoes, wheat, corn, shrimps, papaya, winter squash, and cow milk. Some recent findings also indicate an antioxidant role of the Vitamin in biological systems. Kannan K, Jain SK. Olney RS, Mulinare J. Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant which has a primary function as a radical scavenger 11 and is required for the synthesis of collagen hydroxylation in humans.11 It also contributes to immune defense by supporting various cellular functions of both the innate and adaptive immune system. One of the mechanisms suggested for its anti-cancer effect is through the induction of hydrogen peroxide in cell and depleting Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide [82]. The therapeutic effect of vitamin B3 on hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in an alloxan-induced diabetic rat model. Journal of the American Medical Association 281 (1999): 1632-1637. Its significant iron absorption in transforming iron into a form easily absorbed into the intestines. Dietary sources of vitamin B6 are: Tuna, spinach, cabbage, bell peppers, turnip greens, garlic, cauliflower, turkey, beef, chicken, salmon, sweet potato, potatoes, banana, winter squash, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, collard greens, beet greens, kale, carrots, swiss chard, asparagus, mustard greens, tomatoes, leeks, summer squash, chili peppers, sunflower seeds, pinto beans, avocado, lentils, green peas, lima beans, onions, shrimps, and pineapple [41]. Shimizu H, Tsubola T, Kanki K, et al. Table 1: Summary of Vitamins Biological Roles and Sources. A: Centrum MultiGummies Multi + Antioxidants combines 13 nutrients and antioxidants including beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, selenium, zinc, and manganese to support whole body health, plus immunity and vitality. Cell Mol Neurobiol 28 (2008): 923-931. J Clin Investig 98 (1996): 5-7. Vitamin C is the major antioxidant present in the surface of the lung, suggesting a protective antioxidant role. Combustion of a 0.497-g sample of vitamin E produced 1.47 g of carbon dioxide and 0.518 g of water. Vitamin E deficiency is also associated with heart attack, cancer, stroke, fibrocystic breast disease, epilepsy, PMS, diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, cataract, Alzheimer’s disease [29]. Vitamin B12 stimulates the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, and a deficiency of vitamin B12 will imply increase homocysteine levels [8]. Nutrition 17 (2001): 652-653. 4.6 B Complex vitamins and oxidative stress. Vitamin B9 is vital for brain health and provides support for the cardiovascular and nervous system in human [45]. Vitamin B3 comprised of nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and numerous enzymatic forms [38]. Vitamin C – ascorbic acid is one form of vitamin C that dissolves well in water. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17 (2003): 24-38. 4.6.5 Vitamin B5 and oxidative stress: Pantothenic acid (PA) which is also known as vitamin B5 is a water-soluble vitamin that is involved in several intermediary metabolic reactions as a constituent of coenzyme A (CoA), while Coenzyme A plays a crucial role in glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids reactions like the tricarboxylic acid cycle, acetylation of choline to form acetylcholine and biosynthesis of fatty acids [113]. Labudzynskyi DO, Zaitseva OV, Latyshko NV, et al. spinach, beet greens, asparagus, sea vegetables, eggs, cow’s milk, collard greens, broccoli, Swiss chard, green beans, mushrooms, turnip greens, kale, mustard greens, soybeans, yogurt, almonds, turkey, green peas, sweet potato, sardines, tuna, carrots and cabbage [23], Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Schulz GE, Schirmer RH, Pai EF. β-Carotene is located, together with vitamin E, in the lipid core of LDL particles. A deficiency in what nutrient is likely at the root of these deficits in growth, physical stamina, and mental ability? Cheeseman KH, Slater TF. More studies using improved techniques should be carried out on these vitamins to delineate their role to allow their incorporation as nutritional supplementation for the management and prevention of human diseases. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Food sources of folates include Lentils, asparagus, spinach, turnip greens, broccoli, beets, romaine lettuce, bok Choy, cauliflower, parsley, pinto beans, garbanzo beans, black beans, navy beans, kidney beans, papaya, and Brussels sprouts. Vita min B 2 rec ycles glutathione, which is the most crucial antioxidant which protects against free radicals in the body. Oxidative stress can contribute to the formation of advanced glycated end products, which could reduce vitamin B12 uptake [106, 107]. Vitamin B2 recycles glutathione, which is the most crucial antioxidant which protects against free radicals in the body. Effects of B2-deficiency on lipo-peroxide and its scavenging system in the rat lens. Riboflavin possesses some antioxidant property as a result of the glutathione redox cycle and its conversion from reduced riboflavin to its oxidised form [84]. Free Radic. Some of the most potent antioxidants are vitamins, especially vitamin E. Oxidative stress occurs when oxidants outnumber antioxidants. They are essential for vision, cell growth and development, antioxidant activity and promotion of proper cell communication [23]. Even though vitamin A is not a popular antioxidant, few studies reported a likely antioxidant role in an indirect way. Am J Clin Nutr 97 (2013): 774-781. Dietary sources of vitamin E includes Sunflower seeds, spinach, turnip greens, asparagus, beet  greens,  mustard  greens, chili peppers, almonds, broccoli, bell peppers, kale, tomatoes, avocado, peanut, shrimp, olives, olive oil, collard greens, cranberries, raspberries, kiwifruit, carrots, and green beans [23]. Free radicals are generated externally from cigarette smoke, Environmental pollutants, Radiation, Pesticides, Industrial solvents, and Ozone [51]. Also, Alpha-Tocopherol protects cell membranes from lipid peroxidation by superoxide radical anion and lipid peroxyl free radical scavenging [69]. The B-vitamin content of a whole grain is dramatically decreased during the refining process. The doctor recommended he eat iron-fortified breakfast cereals. Also, Vitamin C is needed for collagen production, which is a structural component of the human body. New England Journal of Medicine 337 (1997): 230-236. Free Radic Res 31 (1999): 273-300. Citation: Olorunnisola Olubukola Sinbad, Ajayi Ayodeji Folorunsho, Okeleji Lateef Olabisi, Oladipo Abimbola Ayoola, Emorioloye Johnson Temitope. J Nutr 130 (2000): 1102-1107. Increased vitamin B12 intake may be required to maintain vitamin B1e status during weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. Vitamin B2 is also known as riboflavin. The dietary sources of Vitamin B2 are spinach, beet greens, asparagus, sea vegetables, eggs, cow’s milk, collard greens, broccoli, Swiss chard, green beans, mushrooms, turnip greens, kale, mustard greens, soybeans, yogurt, almonds, turkey, green peas, sweet potato, sardines, tuna, carrots and cabbage [23]. Food sources for Vitamin K1 are dark green leafy vegetables, while sources of Vitamin K2 include: eggs, meat, fish, dairy, fermented animal foods, and fermented plant foods and vitamin K3 is not naturally present in dietary foods [31, 32]. Combined Administration of l-Carnitine and Ascorbic Acid Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 136 (2013): 321-329. AJP Heart Circ. -Vitamin C absorption occurs in the small intestine. Vitamin B1 acts as a co-enzyme precursor of some key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism [35]. Med 47 (2009): 184-188. Folic acid food fortification -its history, effect, concerns, and future directions. A number of recent, high-profile foodborne illness outbreaks have increased Americans' awareness of the safety of our food supply. WH Foods. Wang G, Li W, Lu X, et al. In health, free radicals and antioxidants remain in balance state [9], but in conditions of oxidative stress, there is a large number of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species than the antioxidant. This review discusses both in-vivo and in-vitro studies on the antioxidant properties of vitamins. Food sources of biotin include tomatoes, almonds, eggs, onions, carrots, romaine lettuce, cauliflower, sweet potato, oats, peanuts, walnuts, salmon, yoghurt banana, raspberries, cow’s milk, strawberries, watermelon, grapefruit, and cucumber. Vitamin D supplementation for nine weeks among pregnant women has beneficial effects on biomarkers of oxidative stress. McDowell LR. Protective effect of vitamin B6 in chromium-induced oxidative stress in the liver. Vitamin C in Disease Prevention and Cure: An Overview. Intake: the nutrients and their metabolisms. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 105 (2018): 1223-1231. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 37 (2018): 387-398. Department of Experimental Medicine Int J Vitam Nutr Res 66 (1996): 39-45. Which of the B-vitamins has an antioxidant role? Also, vitamin K hydroquinone (KH2) was a potent biological antioxidant [76], there is a shortage of information on the regenerative antioxidative enzymatic mechanisms for this required trace nutrient [75] which could be an area of research interest. Cobalamin may possess some antioxidant property due to some evidence from in-vitro studies. SM S, HN S, NA E, et al. Starting in 1985, the men were randomly assigned to receive one of four regimens: (1) 50 mg of alpha-tocopherol, the most common form of vitamin E, (2) 20 mg of beta carotene, another potent antio… Generally nutritional sources for vitamin K are: spinach, mustard greens, beet greens, Swiss chard, turnip greens, parsley, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, romaine lettuce, asparagus, basil, cabbage, celery, kiwifruit, green beans, cucumber, tomatoes, black pepper, green peas, blueberries, carrots, soybeans, avocado, raspberries, winter squash, pear, cranberries, bell peppers, plum, cantaloupe and eggplant [30]. © 2016-2021, Copyrights Fortune Journals. Pyridoxine possesses some antioxidant property, even though it is not a classical antioxidant compound. Freezing food is one way of preserving food. Thanan R, Oikawa S, Hiraku Y, et al. Angel JF. Vitamin D exists in three forms, which are 7?dehydrocholesterol, ergocalciferol, and cholecalciferol. Characterisation of endoperoxide and hydroperoxide intermediates in the reaction of pyridoxine with singlet oxygen. Determine the empirical formula of vitamin E. An introduction to free radicals chemistry. Similar results occurred in cell-free systems and neuronal cells. It has also been able to call attention to other vitamins (Vitamin K, Vitamin D, Niacin, Pyridoxine and Riboflavin) asides classical antioxidants (Vitamin C, E and carotenoids) which play vital roles in defending the body against free radicals by potentiating enzyme antioxidants, acting as co-enzymes, in their reduced physiological forms or by directly attacking free radicals. In contrast, menaquinone is a product of bacterial from the gut or conversion of phylloquinone derived from the diet. Feng C, Tollin G. Regulation of inter domain electron transfer in the NOS output state for NO production. Jolliffe DA, Griffiths CJ, Martineau AR. Nakano E, Higgins JA, Powers HJ. Abstract. It also has a larger molecule and a complex structure. However, the reactions involved in this are under investigation [101, 102]. Having a cup of orange juice or an orange with the iron-fortified breakfast cereal because vitamin C in the orange increases iron absorption. Maqbool MA, Aslam M, Akbar W, et al. Extraskeletal effects of vitamin D. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 41 (2012): 571-594. Furthermore, Vitamin D supplementation has been suggested to provide significant protection against oxidative stress-mediated vascular complications in diabetes [63]. Vitamin C. This water-soluble antioxidant is an essential dietary nutrient. It helps stop cells from becoming cancerous growths by preventing oxidative DNA damage. Although it is an essential nutrient, the body is able to synthesize niacin to meet some body needs from the amino acid tryptophan. Provitamin A carotenoid are mainly present in sweet potato, carrots, spinach, kale, mustard greens, collard greens, turnip greens, Swiss chard, winter squash, Romaine lettuce, cantaloupe, broccoli, asparagus, sea vegetables, chili peppers, tomatoes, basil, papaya, shrimp, eggs, Brussels sprouts and grapefruit while Pre-formed vitamin A sources are- shrimp, eggs, cow’s milk, cheese, yoghurt, salmon, sardines, chicken, turkey, beef and lamb [23]. Nutrients 3 (2011): 370-384. The common soil hypothesis revisited. Keogh JB, Cleanthous X, Wycherley TP. The frequent presence of this vitamin in foods is the reason for naming it as pantothenic acid. Processes like Xanthine oxidase, Inflammation, Phagocytosis, Arachidonate pathways, Exercise, Ischemia/reperfusion injury can also result in the production of free radicals [51]. A novel role for vitamin B12: Cobalamins are intracellular antioxidants in vitro. Belenchia AM, Tosh AK, Hillman LS. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research, Olorunnisola Olubukola Sinbad1, Ajayi Ayodeji Folorunsho2*, Okeleji Lateef Olabisi3, Oladipo Abimbola Ayoola2, Emorioloye Johnson Temitope2, 1Biochemistry Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria, 2Physiology Department, Ladoke Akintola, University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria, 3Physiology Department, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria, *Corresponding Author: Ajayi Ayodeji Folorunsho, Physiology Department, Ladoke Akintola, University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria, Received: 12 August 2019; Accepted: 26 August 2019; Published: 30 August 2019. It also helps in the structural development of brain cells [36], and it is involved in the detoxification of alcohol [35]. Vitamin B12 can be stored in the body for many years, whereas most of the other B vitamins cannot allow long-time storage. Stay Home. Gliszczynska-Swiglo A. Folates as antioxidants. J Lipid Res 55 (2014): 345-362. Reduced glutathione acts as an antioxidant in the intracellular milieu by deactivating reactive oxygen species during the conversion to its oxidised form [87]. Cabbage, eggplant, romaine lettuce, mushrooms, navy beans, black beans, barley, and dried peas. Antioxidants can protect against the cell damage that free radicals cause, known as oxidative stress. It also promotes iron metabolism and its deficiency increases the risk of anaemia as iron is an essential element for red blood cell production [37]. Oxidative stress is a condition characterised by a high rate of reactive oxygen species or reduced capacity to neutralise them. In this state, they act as antioxidants [85] because FAD coenzyme is essential for glutathione reductase activity in converting oxidised glutathione to its reduced form [83, 86, 87]. He is short for his age and his teacher has recently noticed that Jacob is falling asleep during class and seems unable to concentrate on his tasks. Vitamin A is also called retinoic acid, and it possesses the ability to inhibit viral hepatitis [56]. It is involved in energy production from carbohydrates and fats [34]. Alpert JE, Fava M. Nutrition and depression: the role of folate. Niacin is a group of compounds having vitamin activity. Novel Role of Vitamin K in Preventing Oxidative Injury to Developing Oligodendrocytes and Neurons. Vitamin B6 is involved in a variety of enzymatic transformations. hydroxyl, superoxide, and oxygen radical showed that pyridoxine reacts more strongly with hydroxyl radicals through binding with pyridoxine aromatic ring or the abstraction of hydrogen from the groups attached to the ring [99]. Am J Clin Nutr 28 (1975): 756-760. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 (1997): 18515-18517. Oxidative Stress and Its Significant Roles in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are two distinct forms of vitamin B3, and they are primarily involved in the production of energy from dietary proteins, carbohydrates, and fats [39]. Int J Vit Nutr Res 53 (1983): 377-382. Advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, decreased production of intrinsic factor by the stomach limits vitamin B-12 absorption. Lushchak VI. A prospective study of folate intake and the risk of breast cancer. Tuna, spinach, cabbage, bell peppers, turnip greens, garlic, cauliflower, turkey, beef, chicken, salmon, sweet potato, potatoes, banana, winter squash, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, collard greens, beet greens, kale, carrots, swiss chard, asparagus, mustard greens, tomatoes, leeks, summer squash, chili peppers, sunflower seeds, pinto beans, avocado, lentils, green peas, lima beans, onions, shrimps, and pineapple [41]. Their deficiency can cause disorders, whereas resupply of these nutrients can alleviate deficiency symptoms [17]. Trans 34 (2009): 692-700. The isoprostanes: Novel prostaglandin-like products of the free radical catalysed peroxidation of arachidonic acid. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 (2004): 816-823. Biomolecules 5 (2015): 194-222. Gad A, Abu Hamed S, Khalifa M, et al. Vitamin K is known as Blood clotting factors because the name derived from the German word “koagulation” means blood clotting. Vitamin K: food composition and dietary intakes. Effect of vitamin supplements on HIV shedding in breast milk. The Journal of Neuroscience 23 (2003): 5816. Biol. It also triggers glutathione production in the cells that help in increasing antioxidant activity. Vitamin B6 helps in liver detoxification and its deficiency cause the liver dysfunctioning [44]. Calcitriol is essential for the maintenance of healthy calcium homeostasis [25]. Atkins GJ, Welldon KJ, Wijenayaka AR. Nutritional Optic Neuropathies. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked? Journal of the Neurological Sciences 262 (2007): 158-164. Leafy plants produce Phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Carr AC, Frei B. Antioxidants neutralise excess free radicals. Also, the antioxidant property of vitamin B12 has a relationship with its ability to preserve glutathione. Gabe's elderly neighbor told him that when he was growing up, the milkman would deliver glass bottles of milk to his family's doorstep and he wonders why you don't get milk in glass bottles anymore. Biotin is essential for fat deposition in the skin as biotin deficiency causes skin rashes. Incalza MA, D’Oria R, Natalicchio A, et al. The Journal of Nutrition 143 (2013): 1432-1438. Some studies show that antioxidant supplements are helpful. Collectively the eight compounds are called “tocochromanols,” and they are fat-soluble antioxidants. There are different forms of flutes present in dietary sources dihydrofolates, methyl folate, poly glutamyl folates, and mono glutamyl folates [45]. Growth, development, health, and reproduction require minute amounts of vitamins [19]. The Journal of International Medical Research 35 (2007): 277-289. Future Microbiology 4 (2009): 1151-1165. This B vitamin is also required to recycle the master antioxidant, glutathione, one of the most important antioxidants in the human body. Modern Nutrition in Health and Diseases (11. ... Vitamin C is an important antioxidant. Oxidative stress has been reported to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of diseases like Diabetes mellitus, renal failure, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, [13-16]. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 22 (2002): 6-13. In Eds. Vitamin C is well known for its antioxidant properties protecting cellular structures from harmful effects of free radicals. Potential role of nutrients on immunity; International Food Research Journal 23 (2015): 464-474. A number of studies support the use of vitamin C in allergy and asthma. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 30 (2001): 1390-1399. An improved antioxidant potential in the body can reduce oxidative stress and prevent or improve disease conditions. Journal of Nutrition 132 (2002): 2444-2449. Manzanares W, Hardy G. Vitamin B12: The forgotten micronutrient for critical care. A Summary of vitamins biological roles and sources is given in Table 1. Heitzer T, Schlinzig T, Krohn K, et al. All-trans retinoic acid ameliorates hepatic stellate cell activation via suppression of thioredoxin interacting protein expression. Reuter S, Gupta SC, Chaturvedi MM, et al. Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes represent a coordinately regulated defense against oxidative stress. Gallagher ML. NAD, NADP, and niacin-containing enzymes are scavengers of free radicals and protect tissues from oxidative damage [40]. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 23 (2003): 5816-5826. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 98 (2012): 40-42. Conversely, Vitamin C can behave as a pro-oxidant in certain conditions. The synthesis of certain neurotransmitters is also dependent on vitamin C, especially neurotransmitters involved in signalling of feelings, thoughts, and commands throughout the brain and nervous system. Abdullah KM, Alam MM, Iqbal Z, et al. Effect of nicotinamide mononucleotide on brain mitochondrial respiratory deficits in an Alzheimer's disease-relevant murine model. The reduced forms of folic acid were found to have a comparable antioxidant property with vitamin C and vitamin E [118].THF exhibits the most protective effect against lipid peroxidation while DHT is very effective against ABTS+ cations. 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