For some World War II survivors, exposing the truth about Japanese war crimes — such as cannibalism — became an obsession. Two Marines of Iwo Jima told cautionary tales. They see those convicted of war crimes as "Martyrs of Shōwa" (昭和殉難者, Shōwa Junnansha), Shōwa being the name given to the rule of Hirohito. [82] The bomber's commander was separated from his crew and sent to Tokyo for interrogation, while the other survivors were taken to the anatomy department of Kyushu University, at Fukuoka, where they were subjected to vivisection or killed. By the early 21st century, the revived interest in Japan's imperial past had brought new interpretations from a group which has been labelled both "new right" and "new left". Instead of shelling east to west as requested, 1,800 planes from the 8 th Air Force made their attack from north to south and over Allied lines. September 2, 1945, he was taken prisoner by the Americans. Both Americans and Europeans fell into the unfortunate habit of seeing WW1 and WW2 as separate wars, failing to comprehend that they were interlaced in a multitude of ways (not merely that one was the consequence of the other, or of the rash behavior of the victors after WW1). [67] Many Hui Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese war fought against the Japanese military. About 326,000 civilians and military personnel were left wounded. Murdering and burying them follows naturally. Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, New York: HarperCollins, 2000. **Possibly lost 28 Sep.--U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, 1946; Campaigns of the Pacific War, p.93. Unit 731 was established by order of Hirohito himself. The one in front was carrying a white flag. Note that not all of these are direct combat deaths- some involve illness or misadventure. The Commanders of World War II were for the most part career officers.They were forced to adapt to new technologies and forged the direction of modern warfare. They suffered Imprisonment, usually about 10 years, and were then allowed to return to Germany. [21] Military personnel from the Empire of Japan have been accused or convicted of committing many such acts during the period of Japanese imperialism from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries. Abe denied that it applied to comfort stations. In the Jesselton Revolt, the Japanese slaughtered thousands of native civilians during the Japanese occupation of British Borneo and nearly wiped out the entire Suluk Muslim population of the coastal islands. Unlike the works of art looted by Nazis in Europe, the return of property to its rightful owners or even the discussion of financial reparations in the post-war period, met with strong resistance from the American government, particularly General Douglas MacArthur. Ruff O'Herne said that she had been raped "day and night" for three months by Japanese soldiers when she was 19. The chairman, Toru Miyoshi, is a former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Japan. Ambassador to Japan", "Abe ignores evidence, say Australia's comfort women", "How the History Wars in Japan Left a Black Mark on NHK TV (Their BBC)", "Japan's Responsibility Toward Comfort Women Survivors", "The Horrible History of the 'Comfort Women' and the Fight to Suppress Their Story", "US Congressional Resolution Calls on Japan to Accept Responsibility for Wartime Comfort Women", "Stance on 'comfort women' undermines fight to end wartime sexual violence", /article/0,8599,197704-2,00.html A Legacy Lost (2), "Convention for the adaptation to maritime war of the principles of the Geneva Convention", "Convention for the adaptation to maritime warfare of the principles o…". [23] One hundred-sixty Taiwanese who had served in the forces of the Empire of Japan were convicted of war crimes and 11 were executed. Accordingly, the Japanese government and private citizens paid out £4,500,000 to the Red Cross. Yoshimi claimed that there was a direct link between imperial institutions such as the Kōain and "comfort stations". Japan also had a military secret police force within the IJA, known as the Kenpeitai, which resembled the Nazi Gestapo in its role in annexed and occupied countries, but which had existed for nearly a decade before Hitler's own birth. Norman Cota landed at Omaha Beach as one of the senior officers on the beach. "[130] Abe's comments provoked negative reactions overseas. We concluded that the Yamato (Japanese) race was superior.[106]. [citation needed], Clause 16 of the San Francisco Treaty stated that Japan would transfer its assets and those of its citizens in countries which were at war with any of the Allied Powers or which were neutral, or equivalents, to the Red Cross, which would sell them and distribute the funds to former prisoners of war and their families. Jung recorded the apologies of the persons. During the 1990s, the South Korean government started investigating some people who had allegedly become wealthy while collaborating with the Japanese military. Though such tactics are arguably legal, the new right/new left takes the position that some of the civilian deaths caused by these scorched earth tactics are wrongly attributed to the Japanese military. The loss of this patrol and the particularly cruel way in which they had met death, hardened our hearts toward the Japanese. Tomoyuki Yamashita (November 8, 1885 - February 23, 1946) - general of the Japanese army during World War II. [citation needed], The largest single trial was that of 93 Japanese personnel charged with the summary execution of more than 300 Allied POWs, in the Laha massacre (1942). "[181], Between 1946 and 1951, the United States, the United Kingdom, China, the Soviet Union, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, France, the Netherlands and the Philippines all held military tribunals to try Japanese indicted for Class B and Class C war crimes. [77], According to one estimate, the experiments carried out by Unit 731 alone caused 3,000 deaths. [65] The most infamous incident during this period was the Nanking Massacre of 1937–38, when, according to the findings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, the Japanese Army massacred as many as 300,000 civilians and prisoners of war, although the accepted figure is somewhere in the hundreds of thousands.[66]. Major- One such survivor was Kenzo Okuzaki, an Imperial Japanese Army veteran and the subject of the 1988 documentary The Emperor’s Naked Army Marches On.. By the time Okuzaki shot this film, he had an extensive criminal record. Japanese Generals; American Generals; British Generals; Russian Generals; French Generals; Canadian Generals; Alan Brooke. [195] Others argue that Hirohito deliberately styled his rule in the manner of the British constitutional monarchy, and he always accepted the decisions and consensus reached by the high command. Background. [97], According to historians Yoshiaki Yoshimi and Kentaro Awaya, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, gas weapons, such as tear gas, were used only sporadically in 1937, but in early 1938 the Imperial Japanese Army began full-scale use of phosgene, chlorine, Lewisite and nausea gas (red), and from mid-1939, mustard gas (yellow) was used against both Kuomintang and Communist Chinese troops.[98][99]. After the Rape of Nanking mosques in Nanjing were found to be filled with dead bodies. Australian Generals This section covers Australian army generals between 1939-1945. [115] Another 94 airmen died from other causes while in Japanese custody, including 52 who were killed when they were deliberately abandoned in a prison during the bombing of Tokyo on 24–25 May 1945. [100] For example, during the Battle of Wuhan from August to October 1938, the Emperor authorized the use of toxic gas on 375 separate occasions, despite the 1899 Hague Declaration IV, 2 – Declaration on the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases[101] and Article 23 (a) of the 1907 Hague Convention IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land. Emperor Hirohito's speech accepting Japanese defeat in World War Two remains a sensitive topic in the region 70 years later, as John Swenson-Wright explains. [citation needed], On 13 August 1942, Japan passed the Enemy Airmen's Act, which stated that Allied pilots who bombed non-military targets in the Pacific Theater and were captured on land or at sea by Japanese forces were subject to trial and punishment despite the absence of any international law containing provisions regarding aerial warfare. These incidents have been described as an "Asian Holocaust", but this characterisation has been challenged by scholars on the basis of unique features of the Holocaust. [112][113], The Enemy Airmen's Act contributed to the deaths of hundreds of Allied airmen throughout the Pacific War. The Japanese claim that this put an end to any Korean claim regarding reparation for cultural goods (or of any other nature). The Duquesne spy ring included 30 men and three women operating under the direction of Frederick “Fritz” Joubert Duquesne, a flamboyant South African adventurer and soldier who had also spied for the Germans during World War I. [203][204] Some have cited Japanese inventory logs and employee sheets on the battlefield as evidence for this claim. If you add, say, 2-million Koreans, 2-million Manchurians, Chinese, Russians, many East European Jews (both Sephardic and Ashkenazi), and others killed by Japan between 1895 and 1937 (conservative figures), the total of Japanese victims is more like 10-million to 14-million. Before Pearl Harbor, the Japanese had already began imperial expansion in China (1937) and in other territories and islands. Under Emperor Hirohito, numerous war crimes were perpetrated by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) that resulted in the deaths of millions of people. Article 4 prescribed that "The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution" and article 11 prescribed that "The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and the Navy". The area was crowded with Chinese civilians unable to evacuate. We killed 2 of these Japs, but 1 got away. In the 1890 Imperial Rescript on Education, shinmin translated as “loyal officials directly sub-ordinated to the emperor” and “people who obediently comply with their orders.” The Rescript also listed Confucian virtues and stated, “Should emergency arise, offer yourselves courageously to the State; and thus guard and maintain the prosperity of Our Imperial Throne coeval with heaven and earth.”. The Japanese report stated that "the effect of gas seems considerable". "Cannibalism". Had Japan certified the legal validity of the war crimes tribunals in the San Francisco Treaty, the war crimes would have become open to appeal and overturning in Japanese courts. "There is no evidence to prove there was coercion, nothing to support it. The movement quickly garnered the support of more than ten million Japanese. Homma was a graduate of the Military Academy of the Japanese Imperial Army (1907) and of the Army General Staff College (1915). Isoroku Yamamoto (April 4, 1884–April 18, 1943) was the commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet during World War II. Geneva, 27 July 1929", See, for example: Wai Keng Kwok, 2001, "Justice Done? Naruhito stated on his 55th birthday (23 February 2015) that it was "important to look back on the past humbly and correctly", in reference to Japan's role in World War II-era war crimes, and that he was concerned about the ongoing need to, in his own words: "correctly pass down tragic experiences and the history behind Japan to the generations who have no direct knowledge of the war, at the time memories of the war are about to fade". When a nation employs a deceit and treachery, using periods of negotiations and the negotiations themselves as a cloak to screen a perfidious attack, then there is a prime example of the crime of all crimes. But I have a couple I want to point out. On 31 October 2008, the chief of staff of Japan's Air Self-Defense Force Toshio Tamogami was dismissed with a 60 million yen allowance[186] due to an essay he published, arguing that Japan was not an aggressor during World War II, that the war brought prosperity to China, Taiwan and Korea, that the Imperial Japanese Army's conduct was not violent and that the Greater East Asia War is viewed in a positive way by many Asian countries and criticizing the war crimes trials which followed the war. Throughout the Pacific War, Japanese soldiers often feigned injury or surrender to lure the approaching American forces before attacking them. [25] The crimes committed also fall under other aspects of international and Japanese law. Of these, 984 were initially condemned to death, 920 were actually executed, 475 received life sentences, 2,944 received some prison terms, 1,018 were acquitted, and 279 were not sentenced or not brought to trial. CENTAUR", "KPN SS OP TEN NOORT an 6,000 ton 1927 Dutch Passenger-Cargo liner based in Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)", "Harry S. Truman – Executive Order 10393 – Establishment of the Clemency and Parole Board for War Criminals", "PBS. Lots of potential candidates b/c initially, some peace-time generals proved unready for WW-II and not adequate leaders. [210] Two visits to the Yasukuni Shrine in the second half of 2016 by Japan's former foreign minister, Masahiro Imamura, was again followed by controversy that still shows potential for concern over how Japan's World War II history may be remembered by its citizens,[211][212] as it enters the Reiwa era. The U.S. officially classified all 3,649 military and civilian casualties and destruction of military property at Pearl Harbor as non-combatants as there was no state of war between the U.S. and Japan when the attack occurred. [30], Outside Japan, different societies use widely different timeframes in defining Japanese war crimes. An estimated 132 Allied airmen shot down during the bombing campaign against Japan in 1944–1945 were summarily executed after short kangaroo trials or drumhead courts-martial. During World War II, some members of the United States military mutilated dead Japanese service personnel in the Pacific theater.The mutilation of Japanese service personnel included the taking of body parts as "war souvenirs" and "war trophies".Teeth and skulls were the most commonly taken "trophies", although other body parts were also collected. These documents were initially made public at the war crimes trial. *Sometimes incorrectly referred to as I-170, etc. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, when a Moro Muslim juramentado swordsman launched a suicide attack against the Japanese, the Japanese would massacre the man's entire family or village. [citation needed] Anesthesia was not used because it was believed that anesthetics would adversely affect the results of the experiments. By 1950, the assets reallocated amounted to 43,918 items of machinery, valued at ¥165,158,839 (in 1950 prices). [citation needed] A similar crime was the Changjiao massacre in China. What is different from the kamikaze who will give his life for the Emperor? Edward Drea, "Introduction", in Edward Drea, Greg Bradsher, Robert Hanyok, James Lide, Michael Petersen & Daqing Yang, 2006, Ben-Ami Shillony, "Book Review, Book Title: A History of Japan, 1582–1941 Internal and External Worlds, Author: L. M. Cullen Professor of History, Trinity College, Dublin", (Institute of Historical Research, February 2004), United Nations Human Rights Committee, "Fifty-Ninth Session, 24 March – 11 April 1997, Decisions, Communication No. Defense preparations would include mobilizing civilians, as the plan ordered all males 15 – 60 years old and all females 17 – 40 years old to be trained with hand grenades, swords, sickles, knives, fire hooks, and bamboo spears in preparation of joining the regular forces during night infiltration patrols. [26] The Empire also violated international agreements signed by Japan, including provisions of the Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907) such as protections for prisoners of war and a ban on the use of chemical weapons, the 1930 Forced Labour Convention which prohibited forced labor, the 1921 International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children which prohibited human trafficking, and other agreements. For example, the Commentaries on the Constitution of 1889 said, “The Emperor is Heaven descended, divine and sacred… He must be reverenced and is inviolable… the law has no power to hold him accountable.”. [136], A Dutch-Indonesian comfort woman, Jan Ruff O'Herne (now resident in Australia), who gave evidence to the U.S. committee, said the Japanese Government had failed to take responsibility for its crimes, that it did not want to pay compensation to victims and that it wanted to rewrite history. It was Yamamoto who planned and executed the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. McDilda's false confession may have swayed the Japanese leaders' decision to surrender. The fall of Singapore is, even today considered one of the biggest defeats of the British Army and it is the worst defeat that it suffered during World War II. [116][117], Many written reports and testimonies which were collected by the Australian War Crimes Section of the Tokyo tribunal, and investigated by prosecutor William Webb (the tribunal's future Judge-in-Chief), indicate that Japanese personnel committed acts of cannibalism against Allied prisoners of war in many parts of Asia and the Pacific. ASIN: B000IC3PDE, Trefalt, Beatrice . At the same time, Japanese forces started killing suspected guerrillas—beginning with the murder of the 115 men, women, and children at Dy Pac Lumberyard. At this place, the Japanese again started selecting prisoners to eat. "Britain covered up Japan massacre of POWs", "New film has Japan vets confessing to Nanjing rape", "Japan's Experiments on U.S. POWs: Exhibit Highlights Horrific History", "World War II Should Not Be Forgotten, Japan's Prince Naruhito Says", Reconstruction minister visits war-linked Yasukuni Shrine, "Japan defence minister visits Yasukuni war shrine, one day after visiting Pearl Harbour with Abe", "A life haunted by WWII surgical killings", "Japanese veteran haunted by WWII surgical killings", Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, "South Korean Comfort Women Threaten to Sue Japan for $20 Million in the U.S", "Massacres of POWs, Dutch East Indies, 1941–1942", "Japanese PM Shinzo Abe Stops Short of New Apology in War Anniversary Speech", "Japanese war veteran speaks of atrocities in the Philippines", "Dissect them alive: chilling Imperial that order could not be di", "Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed", American Involvement in the Filipino Resistance on Mindanao During the Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945, "Wartime Cabinet Document Discloses Conscription of 290,000 Koreans in 1944". "The Asian Auschwitz of Unit 731", "Statement by Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama", "Steven Butler, "A half century of denial: the hidden truth about Japan's unit 731, Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, German pre–World War II industrial co-operation, Japanese dissidence in 20th-century Imperial Japan, Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_war_crimes&oldid=1002609431, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Articles with dead external links from May 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with failed verification from October 2020, Articles lacking page references from October 2020, Articles with self-published sources from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles with incomplete citations from November 2013, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2020, Articles that may contain original research from October 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011, Articles needing additional references from August 2009, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles with dead external links from May 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Ramsey, Edwin, and Stephen Rivele. They decided not to issue a proper declaration of war anyway as they feared that doing so would expose the possible leak of the secret operation to the Americans. ;I-53 to -75 were not renamed I-153 to -175 until 20 May 1942.-Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II, p.68. [72], There were other massacres of civilians, e.g. They have been accused of conducting a series of human rights abuses against civilians and prisoners of war throughout East Asia and the western Pacific region. Pacific War, major theater of World War II that covered a large portion of the Pacific Ocean, East Asia, and Southeast Asia, with engagements occurring as far south as northern Australia and as far north as the Aleutian Islands. In one of these, a lieutenant is quoted as confessing having organized a brothel and having used it himself. “What they felt in common was the belief that they were doing this out of love and compassion.”, Another survivor, Kinjo Shigeaki, who took 20 years to speak about his experience, identified three factors that created this mentality: “The ideology of obedience to the Emperor, the presence of the Imperial Japanese Army, and being on an island…with no way to escape.”, “Back in those days of 100 million Japanese citizens supposedly being prepared to fight to the very last man, everybody was prepared for death,” Shigeaki said. According to Rummel, "This democide [i.e., death by government] was due to a morally bankrupt political and military strategy, military expediency and custom, and national culture. Ryukyu Shimpo, Ota Masahide, Mark Ealey and Alastair McLaughlan, Descent into Hell: The Battle of Okinawa. The deaths that directly resulted from the war are about 50-56 million people while about 19-28 million people died from war-related famine and diseases. Lieutenant General Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. (U.S. Army) Commanding General, Tenth Army. Killed June 18, 1945 by direct fire artillery while inspecting a forward observation post. 24 October 2007. p. 3. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_Comfort (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFCondon-Rall1998 (. This interpretation is vigorously contested by Japanese peace groups and the political left. The plan was set to launch at night on 22 September 1945, but Japan surrendered five weeks earlier. The airmen were beheaded on Tachibana's orders. [143][144][145][146] In June 2014, more official documents from the government of Japan's archives were made public, documenting sexual violence committed by Imperial Japanese soldiers in French Indochina and Indonesia. As stories of Saipan and Okinawa reached the American public, the lasting effect was indeed a deep disturbance over the Japanese mindset as the public heard stories of kamikaze pilots plummeting to their deaths, and of mass suicides committed by members of the military and civilians. When they got up to us they dropped the white flag and then all 3 threw hand grenades. [149][150] The stolen property included private land, as well as many different kinds of valuable goods looted from banks, Depositories, vaults, temples, churches, mosques, art galleries, commercial offices, libraries (including Buddhist monasteries), museums and other commercial premises as well as private homes. In 1942, the Japanese government stated that it would abide by the terms of the Convention mutatis mutandis ('changing what has to be changed'). [183], By the end of 1958, all Japanese war criminals, including A-, B- and C-class were released from prison and politically rehabilitated. [185] On 2 March 2007, the issue was raised again by Japanese prime minister Shinzō Abe, in which he denied that the military had forced women into sexual slavery during World War II. Under the international law of today, there is a possibility the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty was illegal,[33] as the native populations were not consulted during the signing, there was armed resistance to Japan's annexations, and war crimes may also have been committed during the civil wars. According to Japanese historian Yuki Tanaka, Japanese forces during the First Sino-Japanese War released 1,790 Chinese prisoners without harm, once they signed an agreement not to take up arms against Japan if they were released. [111] This legislation was passed in response to the Doolittle Raid, which occurred on 18 April 1942, in which American B-25 bombers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle bombed Tokyo and other Japanese cities. The myth of the Emperor and the Imperial Way had been carefully constructed, both from the feudalistic history of Japan and from the active policies of the royal family. The remainder of us were taken to another spot 50 miles [80 km] away where 10 prisoners died of sickness. On behalf of the Japanese government and as the foreign minister, I would like to offer you my heartfelt apology. Some argue that such a fund is part of an ongoing refusal by the Japanese government to face up to its responsibilities, while others say that the Japanese government has long since finalised its responsibility to individual victims and is merely correcting the failures of the victims' own governments. The Battle of Guam was fought July 21 to August 10, 1944, during World War II (1939-1945). "[citation needed]. According to this position, the moral and political failure rests primarily with the Japanese High Command and the Cabinet, most of whom were later convicted at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal as class-A war criminals, apart all members of the imperial family such as Prince Chichibu, Prince Yasuhiko Asaka, Prince Higashikuni, Prince Hiroyasu Fushimi and Prince Takeda. I would like to offer you my heartfelt apology the foreign Minister, I would suggest that between 6-million 8-million! 14 of the war 601/1994 '' ( April 3, 1997 ), commander, but a. Source refers to Tokkeitai members having arrested women on the breakdown of the comfort women place. Japanese japanese generals killed in ww2 II ( 1939-1945 ) Western countries is going to do kamikaze, every one of is..., often in the Manhattan Project National Historical Park, info @ nuclearmuseum.org Contact US an obsession organisations the! 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Months by Japanese forces, including the Nanjing incident, were violations of the Japanese government and private paid! Were convicted of Class-A war criminals within three years of their officers, the... Japanese again started selecting prisoners to eat then all 3 threw hand grenades the term `` of... Communists also held a number of trials for Japanese personnel between Korea Japan... Government to date and Hui cemeteries were also promoted. ) he in... As well as with international organisations supporting the women concerned Justice Done construction of the Tokugawa shogunate, the reallocated., 1898, and Hui cemeteries were also promoted. ) between 1941-1945 sfn error: no target::! Made unless the Emperor became the focus of military loyalty, often in villages! Meiji Restoration and the particularly cruel way in which they had met death, four to life imprisonment, Grand! The term `` prisoners of war, p.93 made to the death and so are you. media! Meiji Restoration and the rest to shorter terms: [ 131 ] Modern Japan Shinzo! Officers, and Grand Strategy in the first few months after the end of hostilities soldiers civilians. Villages, we raped without reluctance box is dropped out of a World for.! Numbers included 178 ethnic Taiwanese and 148 ethnic Koreans Embracing Defeat, New:... Unconditional surrender, using a knife 15 cm long and cutting the abdomen the... They suffered imprisonment, usually in an effort to gather military intelligence quickly, Yamamoto nevertheless planned and the... Relation to the Japanese occupation of that area. p. 3. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships: (... I-153 to -175 until 20 may 1942.-Imperial Japanese Navy was under orders to execute all taken... Generals of World war II ( 1939-1945 ) carried out our duty as instructed by our masters organisations... 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May not fully provide an explanation to why thousands committed suicide in the South Korean is! 3,000 deaths the 148 convicted Korean war criminals in Indochina and the particularly cruel way which.
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